Even if a block contains no transactions, it still contains important data to maintain the integrity of the chain. Such an ‘empty’ block includes: a reference to the previous block (hash pointer), a nonce (a number used to perform a proof of work), a timestamp (indicating when the block was created), metadata (e.g., block height), and, in the case of some blockchains, a standard coinbase transaction to award the miner. This ensures chain continuity and protocol rules are followed even if there are no user transactions.